D, Mutation site in the endo-1,4-β-glucanase gene (Glyma02g43680) and predicted amino acid sequences. C, The delineated region of 93 kb included 10 annotated genes in the Williams 82 genome sequence database (Phytozome Glyma1.0). In (B), HS (%) indicates percent of hard seeds. In (A), the permeability of the B 5F 4 plants was evaluated based on the results of a progeny test (Seg, segregating for permeability Fixed, homozygous for permeability). Phenotypes for permeability are presented at right. Light gray bars indicate a region in which recombination occurred. Open, dark gray, and black bars indicate regions homozygous for the allele from Tachinagaha (TA allele), heterozygous, and homozygous for the allele from the wild soybean (AO allele), respectively. Graphical genotypes are presented for plants (B 5F 4) with recombination in the genomic region harboring the QTL (A) and their progeny (B 5F 6) homozygous for recombinant genotypes (B). She has been represented by Image Tokyo and won more than 140,000 Instagram followers. Masako is also well known as, Model who joined the cast of the Japanese reality show Terrace House in 2015. The findings of this and previous studies may indicate that qHS1 is involved in the accumulation of β-1,4-glucan derivatives such as xyloglucan and/or β-(1,3)(1,4)-glucan that reinforce the impermeability of seed coats in soybean.Ī segregating family of a backcross inbred line derived from a cross between Tachinagaha and a wild soybean accession was used for fine-mapping. She was born on Augand her birthplace is Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. The SNP allele found in the NIL was further associated with the occurrence of hard seeds in soybean cultivars of various origins. Introduction of the genomic region of qHS1 from the impermeable (hard-seeded) NIL into the permeable cultivar Kariyutaka resulted in accumulation of β-1,4-glucan in the outer layer of palisade cells and production of hard seeds. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) introduced an amino acid substitution in a substrate-binding cleft of the enzyme, possibly reducing or eliminating its affinity for substrates in permeable cultivars. Fine-mapping and subsequent expression and sequencing analyses revealed that qHS1 encodes an endo-1,4-β-glucanase. The hard-seed allele made the seed coat of Tachinagaha more rigid by increasing the amount of β-1,4-glucans in the outer layer of palisade cells of the seed coat on the dorsal side of seeds, known to be a point of entrance of water. soja) introduced by successive backcrossings. To dissect the molecular basis of qHS1, a quantitative trait locus for hard seededness in soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.), we developed a near-isogenic line (NIL) of a permeable (soft-seeded) cultivar, Tachinagaha, containing a hard-seed allele from wild soybean (G. Physical dormancy, a structural feature of the seed coat known as hard seededness, is an important characteristic for adaptation of plants against unstable and unpredictable environments.
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